[3] [4] These medications work by mimicking the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1, which enhances insulin secretion, suppresses glucagon release, and significantly reduces appetite primarily through central satiety pathways, with some slowing of gastric emptying (an effect that may attenuate over time)
Two of the most commonly referenced forms are: GHK-Cu (Copper Tripeptide-1) AHK-Cu (Copper Tripeptide-3) While both belong to the copper peptide family, they are used differently in cosmetic formulation depending on whether the goal is skin-focused or scalp- and hair-focused performance
In contrast, an individual who injects 1,000g of vitamin B12 will only absorb a small portion, with the remainder being excreted in urine within hours
Heres a quick comparison of common options: As you can see, while tiredness is a common thread due to the GH release, the overall 'cleanliness' of the effect varies
Clinical Endocrinology 73(5):637-643