Both drugs are part of a new class of medications that work by mimicking hormones in the gut and brain that regulate appetite and feelings of fullness
B12 injections are also used to treat people with malabsorption (gastrointestinal conditions that prevent proper absorption of B12 from the gut), for example, people with atrophic gastritis (stomach inflammation) and intrinsic factor deficiency (pernicious anemia) or those who have undergone surgical procedures such as gastrectomy or small bowel resection (stomach or intestine removed), autoimmune diseases, etc
This constant cycle of protection is essential for maintaining cellular integrity
Delayed gastric emptying leaves food and liquid in the stomach longer, increasing stretch and chemical stimulus to visceral afferents that communicate with the brainstem nausea centers
In summary, the action of valproate in neural systems is complex, with one aspect including downregulation of PKC signaling, which overlaps with symptom amelioration of manic states in animal models, suggesting that modulation of PKC overactivity is a mechanism that is favored by valproate