The same pattern of associations was observed in a series of sensitivity analyses with additional adjustment for COPD and chronic pulmonary infections, excluding participants who had third-degree or higher relatedness, excluding participants who developed outcomes within two years of baseline, and those who had a mismatch between calculation and self-reported never-smoking
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Collectively, these results are consistent with the WHO MPOWER (Monitor, Protect, Offer help, Warn, Enforce, Raise taxes) framework particularly the Offer help and Warn components, emphasizing that educational exposure and health-warning visibility are associated with youth cessation behaviors
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